A synchronized global sweep of the internal genes of modern avian influenza virus
Worobey M, Han G-Z & Rambaut A(2014) Nature 508, 254-257.
Zoonotic infectious diseases such as influenza continue to pose a grave threat to human health. However, the factors that mediate the emergence of RNA viruses like influenza A virus (IVA) remain incompletely understood. Phylogenetic inference is crucial to reconstructing the origins and tracing the flow of influenza A virus within and between hosts. Here, we show that explicitly allowing IVA host lineages to have independent rates of molecular evolution is necessary for reliable phylogenetic inference of IVA and that methods that do not do so, including ?relaxed? molecular clock models, can positively mislead. A phylogenomic analysis using a host-specific local clock model recovers extremely consistent evolutionary histories across all genomic segments and demonstrates that the equine H7N7 lineage is a sister clade to strains from birds?as well as those from humans, swine, and the equine H3N8 lineage?sharing an ancestor with them in the mid- to late-1800s. Moreover, major Western and Eastern Hemisphere avian influenza lineages inferred for each gene coalesce in the late 1800s. Based on these phylogenies and the synchrony of these key nodes, we infer that the internal genes of avian influenza virus (AIV) underwent a global selective sweep beginning in the late 1800s, a process that continued throughout the 20th century and up to the present. The resulting western hemispheric AIV lineage subsequently contributed most of the genomic segments to the 1918 pandemic virus and, independently, the 1963 equine H3N8 panzootic lineage. This approach provides a surprisingly clear resolution of IVA evolutionary patterns and processes, including the flow of viral genes and genomes within and between host lineages.
